JAVA EXAMPLE PROGRAMS

JAVA EXAMPLE PROGRAMS

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Stack introduction & implementation


A Stack is an abstract data type or collection where in Push,the addition of data elements to the collection, and Pop, the removal of data elements from the collection, are the major operations performed on the collection. The Push and Pop operations are performed only at one end of the Stack which is referred to as the 'top of the stack'.

In other words,a Stack can be simply defined as Last In First Out (LIFO) data structure,i.e.,the last element added at the top of the stack(In) should be the first element to be removed(Out) from the stack.

Stack Operations:

Push: A new entity can be added to the top of the collection.
Pop: An entity will be removed from the top of the collection.
Peek or Top: Returns the top of the entity with out removing it.

Overflow State: A stack may be implemented to have a bounded capacity. If the stack is full and does not contain enough space to accept an entity to be pushed, the stack is then considered to be in an overflow state.

Underflow State: The pop operation removes an item from the top of the stack. A pop either reveals previously concealed items or results in an empty stack, but, if the stack is empty, it goes into underflow state, which means no items are present in stack to be removed.

A stack is a restricted data structure, because only a small number of operations are performed on it. The nature of the pop and push operations also means that stack elements have a natural order. Elements are removed from the stack in the reverse order to the order of their addition. Therefore, the lower elements are those that have been on the stack the longest.

Efficiency of Stacks

In the stack, the elements can be push or pop one at a time in constant O(1) time. That is, the time is not dependent on how many items are in the stack and is therefore very quick. No comparisons or moves are necessary.


package com.java2novice.ds.stack;

public class MyStackImpl {

	private int stackSize;
	private int[] stackArr;
	private int top;

	/**
	 * constructor to create stack with size
	 * @param size
	 */
	public MyStackImpl(int size) {
		this.stackSize = size;
		this.stackArr = new int[stackSize];
		this.top = -1;
	}

	/**
	 * This method adds new entry to the top 
	 * of the stack
	 * @param entry
	 * @throws Exception 
	 */
	public void push(int entry) throws Exception {
		if(this.isStackFull()){
			throw new Exception("Stack is already full. Can not add element.");
		}
		System.out.println("Adding: "+entry);
		this.stackArr[++top] = entry;
	}

	/**
	 * This method removes an entry from the 
	 * top of the stack.
	 * @return
	 * @throws Exception 
	 */
	public int pop() throws Exception {
		if(this.isStackEmpty()){
			throw new Exception("Stack is empty. Can not remove element.");
		}
		int entry = this.stackArr[top--];
		System.out.println("Removed entry: "+entry);
		return entry;
	}
	
	/**
	 * This method returns top of the stack
	 * without removing it.
	 * @return
	 */
	public int peek() {
		return stackArr[top];
	}

	/**
	 * This method returns true if the stack is 
	 * empty
	 * @return
	 */
	public boolean isStackEmpty() {
		return (top == -1);
	}

	/**
	 * This method returns true if the stack is full
	 * @return
	 */
	public boolean isStackFull() {
		return (top == stackSize - 1);
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		MyStackImpl stack = new MyStackImpl(5);
		try {
			stack.push(4);
			stack.push(8);
			stack.push(3);
			stack.push(89);
			stack.pop();
			stack.push(34);
			stack.push(45);
			stack.push(78);
		} catch (Exception e) {
			System.out.println(e.getMessage());
		}
		try {
			stack.pop();
			stack.pop();
			stack.pop();
			stack.pop();
			stack.pop();
			stack.pop();
		} catch (Exception e) {
			System.out.println(e.getMessage());
		}
	}
}

Output:
Adding: 4
Adding: 8
Adding: 3
Adding: 89
Removed entry: 89
Adding: 34
Adding: 45
Stack is already full. Can not add element.
Removed entry: 45
Removed entry: 34
Removed entry: 3
Removed entry: 8
Removed entry: 4
Stack is empty. Can not remove element.
 Next Program >>

List of Stack Data Structure Examples

  1. Stack introduction & implementation
  2. Java Dynamic Stack Implementation
  3. Stack implementation using generics bounded type.
  4. Reverse a word or string using Stack data structure.
  5. Write a program to find out delimiter matching using stack.
  6. Convert a decimal into a binary number using stack.
  7. Towers of Hanoi implementation using stack.
  8. Evaluation of an infix expression that is fully parenthesized using stack in java.
Knowledge Centre
Default value of a local variables?
The local variables are not initialized to any default values. We should not use local variables with out initialization. Even the java compiler throws error.
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About Author

I'm Nataraja Gootooru, programmer by profession and passionate about technologies. All examples given here are as simple as possible to help beginners. The source code is compiled and tested in my dev environment.

If you come across any mistakes or bugs, please email me to [email protected].

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Reference: Java™ Platform Standard Ed. 7 - API Specification | Java™ Platform Standard Ed. 8 - API Specification | Java is registered trademark of Oracle.
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